{"id":3409,"date":"2015-11-23T08:00:54","date_gmt":"2015-11-23T13:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roofingmagazine.com\/?p=3409"},"modified":"2016-01-25T08:39:03","modified_gmt":"2016-01-25T13:39:03","slug":"carefully-select-roofing-materials-maintain-character-historic-buildings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roofingmagazine.com\/carefully-select-roofing-materials-maintain-character-historic-buildings\/","title":{"rendered":"Carefully Select Roofing Materials to Maintain the Character of Historic Buildings"},"content":{"rendered":"

Selecting a historically appropriate roofing material is often restrictive as a simple matter of economy. Not everyone can afford a new slate roof. But individually landmarked structures and those in local historic districts are often monitored by historic district commissions (HDCs) that typically require property owners to replace in-kind or with an otherwise historically appropriate material.<\/p>\n

Although the preference is replacement in-kind, an intelligent argument for an alternative can often be made. The HDC can consider other materials that were available at the time of construction, as well as what buildings of similar style in the community have on their roofs. A Queen Anne may have started with a polychromatic Vermont slate roof, but the commission can consider that nearby Queen Annes have monochromatic Monson slate or even cedar shingles. A Greek Revival may have a silver-coated tin roof, but few would argue with a homeowner willing to replace it with standing-seam copper. Let\u2019s look at several American building styles and the materials used to roof them.<\/p>\n

Colonial Styles, 1620 to 1780<\/h4>\n

\"From<\/a>

From the New England Salt Box to the Dutch-vernacular homes of upstate New York, the earliest structures in the American colonies were roofed with wood shingles.<\/p><\/div>
\nFrom the New England Salt Box to the Dutch-vernacular homes of upstate New York, the earliest structures in the American colonies were roofed with wood shingles. It is a myth they were covered with hand-split shakes because these sometimes do not hold up well. Wood shingles were easily made by planing down the shakes to a uniform thickness for ease of installation.<\/p>\n

In the Northeast, Eastern white cedar was the typical material used while cypress was often used in the South. Western red cedar was not used much in the eastern U.S. until after the 1850s and should not be considered appropriate on a circa-1820, Federal-style structure in Connecticut. Eastern white cedar, however, rarely lasts longer than 10 years in a roofing application. Instead, preservation architects now specify Alaskan yellow cedar. Predominantly distributed from British Columbia, this dense wood is favored because of its longevity and because it develops a silvery patina, like Eastern white cedar, within one year.<\/p>\n

Federal and Neoclassical Styles, 1780 to 1820<\/h4>\n

Many of these buildings have low-slope roofs and are often obstructed by a balustrade that runs across the top of the eaves. In congested, urban environments, the roof may not even be visible from the street. This raises the obvious question: What needs to be done when an element of the exterior is not within the street view? Most HDCs use that standard question to limit their purview over a proposed alteration. If your roof falls into this category, then you should pick the most enduring and sustainable material you can afford.<\/p>\n

These structures were not often originally covered in slate, though many are today. Original roofs were wooden shingles\u2014less than ideal on a roof with a shallow pitch. In limited instances, standing-seam or flat-lock-seamed roofs are seen on these building styles. To find out what\u2019s appropriate, check out roofs on structures of the same style in your neighborhood and neighboring communities.
\n

\"The<\/a>

The mansard roof is the character-defining feature of the Second Empire style. A mansard is essentially a hipped gambrel. The lower roof, between the eaves and upper cornice, is most often covered in slate.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Greek Revival, 1820-50<\/h4>\n

This style also features a low-slope roof, typically 4:12. Although the original roof material may have been wooden shingles, many of these roofs in the Northeast were replaced by a more sustainable material long ago. Flat-lock tin or terne-coated steel were typical from the late 1800s on. Because many of these structures also have box gutters at the eaves, keep in mind that relining these systems is costly and will need to tie in to the new roof material. (See \u201cTraditional Gutter Systems in North America\u201d, March\/April issue, page 56, or bit.ly\/1Mw7Qek.) It is not uncommon for an affordable membrane, like EPDM or TPO, to be used on the majority of the roof while a costlier appropriate material, like copper, covers the visible, projecting \u201cporch\u201d roof.<\/p>\n

PHOTOS:<\/b> Ward Hamilton<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"With<\/a>

With the gothic revival style, roofs became more decorative with fancy cut slate and wood shingles in a variety of designs and patterns.<\/p><\/div>\n

Gothic Revival, 1840-60<\/h4>\n

Although many of these structures originally were covered with wooden shingles, many had decorative styles and patterns installed later with slate. This was also a popular style when the slate industry in Pennsylvania, Vermont and Virginia started to produce roofing slate in such quantities that it could be realistically specified as a material choice. The influence of Architect Frank Furness and others shone through as polychromatic slate patterns adorned the Gothic \u201ccottages\u201d of Alexander Jackson Davis, Andrew Jackson Downing and their many disciples. In the South and Mid-Atlantic states, standing-seam roofing is quite common. Again, check out roofs on buildings of the same style in your neighborhood and neighboring communities. What\u2019s appropriate?<\/p>\n

Italianate, 1845-75<\/h4>\n

While many Italianates have out-of-sight, low-slope roofs that an HDC will not be concerned about, many of the \u201cvilla\u201d variety have gables and other roof planes that are visible from the street. Like those on Greek Revivals, these roofs were often clad in flat-lock seamed or standing-seam sheet metal. In later years, many were reroofed with clay tiles. Note that the advent of this new material correlates with the growth of the Ludowici-Celadon Roofing Tile Co., Chicago, in the 1880s. The HDC will likely require replacement in-kind to create the original look, though there may be some leeway with respect to the material itself. After all, it\u2019s all about keeping up appearances.<\/p>\n

Second Empire, 1855-80<\/h4>\n

The mansard roof is the character-defining feature of this style. A mansard is essentially a hipped gambrel. The lower roof, between the eaves and upper cornice, is most often covered in slate. More often than not, these parts of the roof can be restored and do not need to be replaced. If they do need replacement, be prepared to face an HDC that\u2019s going to want it done in-kind.<\/p>\n

Keep in mind these structures almost always have (or had) a built-in gutter at the eaves. The sheet-metal linings fail and replacement is expensive, especially if they failed long ago and wood rot has resulted from the neglect.<\/p>\n

The upper roof typically ranges from flat to a low-slope 4:12 pitch. Once the roof becomes visible from the street, the material choice becomes important, and the same argument applied to Greek Revival and Italianate styles holds true here.<\/p>\n

\"Architects<\/a>

Architects and builders roofed Queen Anne Victorians with various slate colors, cedar shingles, and flat-lock and standing-seam copper, as well as a variety of different colors and shapes of clay tiles.<\/p><\/div>\n

Queen Anne, 1880 to 1910<\/h4>\n

Severe recessions in the U.S. during the 1870s stymied new construction. By the time the economy rebounded, the Queen Anne had replaced the Second Empire as the popular style of choice. Improvements in rail service, as well as material fabrication and production, were game changers. Architects and builders roofed these Victorians with various slate colors, cedar shingles, and flat-lock and standing-seam copper, along with different colors and shapes of clay tiles. And, often, these buildings have combinations of roofing materials and styles.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, many HDCs allow building owners to replace original roof fabric with \u201carchitectural shingles\u201d. These shingles were created to replicate wood shingle (or shake) roofs in an economical way. In my opinion, three-tab shingles look more like slate than architectural shingles do. Before you replace your entire roof, consider that it may only be the flashings that need replacement.<\/p>\n

No part of the building envelope lasts forever, including the roof. When issues crop up, it is not always readily apparent what the proper course of action is. Because the roof is a character-defining feature of many traditional building styles, historic commissions will not generally allow owners to replace their roofs with sub-standard or historically inappropriate materials. Knowing what\u2019s appropriate\u2014and what\u2019s not\u2014can help improve the planning process and form the foundation of a successful project.<\/p>\n

PHOTOS:<\/b> Ward Hamilton<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Selecting a historically appropriate roofing material is often restrictive as a simple matter of economy. Not everyone can afford a new slate roof. But individually…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":3470,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Carefully Select Roofing Materials to Maintain the Character of Historic Buildings","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[4200,34],"tags":[4179,4182,4184,4186,4185,4181,3482,4180,4187,2542,4189,4183,4191,4188,4193,334,4194,4192,4190],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nCarefully Select Roofing Materials to Maintain the Character of Historic Buildings - 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