{"id":578,"date":"2014-01-26T08:00:44","date_gmt":"2014-01-26T13:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roofingmagazine.com\/?p=578"},"modified":"2014-03-24T07:23:55","modified_gmt":"2014-03-24T11:23:55","slug":"rooftop-alterations-like-skylights-roof-monitors-can-drive-building-value-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roofingmagazine.com\/rooftop-alterations-like-skylights-roof-monitors-can-drive-building-value-performance\/","title":{"rendered":"Rooftop Alterations, Like Skylights and Roof Monitors, Can Drive Building Value and Performance"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rooftops are an immensely underutilized resource for optimizing building performance. Rooftop strategies can include painting the roof white or installing a solar reflective \u201ccool roof\u201d to reduce summer cooling loads; covering the roof with vegetation to improve insulation, reduce storm-water runoff and provide community spaces; and mounting solar photovoltaic or solar hot-water panels to reduce utility bills.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>

The multiple functions of rooftop monitors. RENDERING: FCGA Architects<\/p><\/div>Adding daylighting and ventilation through skylights and roof monitors is a strategy with growing popularity and potential. Common sense might lead us to believe that penetrating the roof with skylights and monitors could compromise a building\u2019s insulation and thermal performance. However, with the availability of advanced products, such as glazing, suspended film and high-performance sealants, well-designed and constructed rooftop penetrations can successfully lower energy costs and improve occupant comfort and health.<\/p>\n

Rooftop prescriptions vary for every individual project, and a variety of factors must be considered before proceeding with construction. For example, rooftop penetrations will primarily only affect the floor directly beneath the rooftop, so single-story buildings or multistory buildings with a central atrium are ideal. When further determining which types of projects would benefit from roof penetrations, the design team must perform thorough climatic analysis, examine the existing infrastructure and occupancy conditions, and weigh all variables through cost balancing. Before diving deep into analysis, it\u2019s important to understand different types of rooftop penetrations in this capacity and how their design and operational synergies can enhance the value and performance of a building.<\/p>\n

Design Synergies<\/h4>\n

Traditional skylights, tubular skylights and roof monitors are the main types of rooftop daylighting\/ventilation penetrations and should be considered individually because of their varying benefits. Traditional skylights offer natural daylight, which can improve the health and productivity of building occupants. Tubular skylights capture sunlight from a small, clear dome on the roof; pass the light through a highly reflective tube; and diffuse the light through a lens into the building. Because of their high efficacy and smaller penetration area, tubular skylights have better thermal performance and are more suitable for harsher climates than traditional skylights.<\/p>\n

Roof monitors are vertical fenestrations built into raised structures atop the roof. If the monitors are operational, they contribute exponential building-performance enhancements beyond the other penetration types, including stack-effect ventilation. The figure above depicts the many functions of roof monitors: natural daylighting, ventilation, passive heating and cooling, glare reduction and structural support for rooftop solar-power systems.<\/p>\n

As with skylights, roof monitors help disperse natural daylight more evenly and completely throughout a room than windows on the side of a building. When paired with thermal mass, such as concrete or water, vertical glazing on the roof helps capture heat from the sun to offset the building\u2019s heating load.<\/p>\n

Glare presents a big problem for worker productivity in buildings; careful design of roof monitors and ceiling systems can help distribute the light and reduce contrast glare. Finally, monitors can be topped with angled roofing that matches the optimal sun exposure angle for solar panels mounted atop.
\n
\nWith these design synergies, roof monitors can drastically reduce a building\u2019s dependency on mechanical lighting and heating and cooling systems, as well as improve occupant comfort and health. For example, the IBEW\/NECA Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Center, San Leandro, Calif., lowered its energy load by 75 percent with roof monitor retrofits, enabling the building to more affordably offset the remainder of its energy needs with renewable-energy systems. Because the ZNE center \u201cdesigned down\u201d its energy usage with monitors\u2014rather than simply \u201cpowering up\u201d with solar panels\u2014this 1980s building became one of the first and largest commercial net-zero-energy retrofits in the U.S. and one of the only building projects to achieve this feat without exceeding traditional construction costs.<\/p>\n

Given the immense benefits of appropriately designed roof monitors on a building\u2019s health and operations, they can be a smart investment for single-story\/open office buildings and should be seriously considered instead of\u2014or in addition to\u2014HVAC and lighting retrofits.<\/p>\n

Climatic Analysis<\/h4>\n

\"IBEW\/NECA<\/a>

IBEW\/NECA Zero Net Energy Center, San Leandro, Calif., \u201cdesigned down\u201d its energy usage with monitors rather than simply \u201cpowering up\u201d with solar panels. This 1980s building became one of the first and largest commercial net-zero-energy retrofits in the U.S. PHOTO: Chad Ziemendorf<\/p><\/div>
\nUnderstanding how your building operates within your climate zone is critical to understanding what type of rooftop strategy would benefit your building. Climatic analysis relies heavily on incorporating climate data with thorough building energy modeling. Climate trends can be found through databases from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C., or the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colo. Synthesizing climate trends into the model ensures it is tuned to the building\u2019s operations year-round.<\/p>\n

In addition to energy modeling, daylight modeling is important to analyze the geometry of roof monitors. The frequency and spacing of the monitors must be carefully designed to provide appropriate daylighting for the internal layout and thermal-comfort requirements.<\/p>\n

Daylight utilization also can passively heat and cool a space when coupled with thermal mass. Thermal mass helps level temperatures and maintain consistency to reduce the burden on mechanical heating and cooling systems. Especially in climates with more extreme diurnal temperature differentials, capturing and storing thermal mass for distribution during the opposing temperature extreme can substantially lower energy usage. For moderate to warm climates, north-facing monitor glazing is generally ideal for mitigating temperatures on hot days. In colder climates, south-facing glazing with carefully sized overhangs can offset heating demand. Combining daylighting through monitors with mechanical systems and\/or geothermal can drastically improve the performance of your building while reducing wear and tear and, therefore, lengthening the life of your building systems.<\/p>\n

In extreme climates, thermal performance of a roof system remains an important consideration. However in most climates, infiltration compromises thermal performance exponentially more than the R-value or U-value of building insulation. Using triple glazing with suspended film on roof monitors is an effective strategy for large glazed areas in excessively cold environments. These materials will protect the thermal integrity of a building during extreme weather and, in most climates, still will outweigh the cost of HVAC systems given the passive benefits reaped during times of moderate and ambient temperatures. Another option for more aggressive heating and cooling climates could be to downsize roof monitors or use tubular skylights to reduce the penetration impact and maintain better insulation. These options should be carefully designed and planned in accordance with a building\u2019s local climate.<\/p>\n

Existing Conditions<\/h4>\n

After analyzing the building\u2019s local climate, its existing infrastructure and occupancy conditions should be analyzed to determine rooftop utilization design synergies. Consider the age and condition of the building, the nature of the retrofit, and the building and occupancy type.
\n
\nAge and Condition:<\/strong> Will your existing roof structure support additions, like roof monitors or skylights? Existing beams can be allowed to pass directly under roof penetrations with minimal daylighting performance impact and at a reduced cost compared to more substantial structural alterations. Given the age and condition of the building, perhaps it\u2019s time to invest in performance renovations or seismic upgrades. Depending on the nature of the retrofit, the slight increase in structural upgrade required to support roof augmentations may be synergistic and cost-effective.<\/p>\n

Building and Occupancy Type:<\/strong> Understanding a building\u2019s existing structural system, envelope, occupancy and scheduling is critical for taking advantage of design and construction synergies in any building-performance upgrade, especially for roof penetrations. When looking at a building holistically, conditions that may typically be thought of as a waste or liability now can be considered for their potential as a resource when utilizing roof monitors. For example, buildings with a high number of occupants and\/or equipment often require air conditioning even in a cooler climate. These buildings would greatly benefit from monitors to reduce cooling load.<\/p>\n

\"Climate<\/a>

Climate Zone Map for Windows, Doors and Skylights SOURCE: Energy Star<\/p><\/div>\n

Cost Balancing<\/h4>\n

Now that the building\u2019s local climate and existing conditions are understood, these design synergies can be woven into life-cycle cost analyses to determine the true cost and benefit of roof-penetration retrofits. The extra design effort that goes into capturing passive resources and offsetting ongoing operating costs is a fraction of the construction cost. Therefore, the value of spending the extra upfront time conducting climatic, building condition and costing analysis cannot be overstated.<\/p>\n

To fully understand the cost\/benefit of performance upgrades,it\u2019s important to chart the upfront costs and energy consumption of each building system. For example, if monitors\u2019 passive resources can be utilized to solve many of the heating\/cooling problems, HVAC equipment can be reduced in size or even eliminated. The financial resources previously slated for HVAC equipment and ongoing air-conditioning tonnage expenditures can be reallocated for roof penetrations. If monitors can be designed to mount solar-electric systems at an angle to optimize sun exposure, less PV and racking is needed, which also can drastically reduce costs.<\/p>\n

In addition, consider who is paying for building renovations and operations. If the person paying for the renovation is not paying for ongoing operations, then a cost increase for the system may not be worth it. However if the renovation financier will reap the benefits of ongoing operational savings, this should weigh heavily in upgrade decisions.<\/p>\n

Another consideration is the ongoing performance of the roof monitors, especially in terms of when and how they are operated. A simple building automation system (BAS) that notifies occupants when the monitors should be opened or closed is a successful strategy. This system requires a weather station that monitors the outside temperature and the climate. When the weather station communicates action is required to maintain optimal building thermal performance, it sends a notification through the BAS to the end-user.<\/p>\n

In addition, by involving building occupants in the operation of the monitors, they will become actively engaged in the building\u2019s performance. This engagement and understanding of performance could encourage them to get involved with other building-optimization efforts, like turning off unused lights. Involving occupants is also a cost-saving feature to eliminate the need for expensive automated motorized window operators.<\/p>\n

By thoroughly analyzing a building\u2019s climatic design, existing conditions and renovation cost\/benefit, you can determine the viability of rooftop penetrations as a building performance and value enhancer. Always remember that with any building retrofit or upgrade, rooftop-penetration options should be carefully researched and designed to determine the best solution for initial and ongoing performance.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rooftops are an immensely underutilized resource for optimizing building performance. Rooftop strategies can include painting the roof white or installing a solar reflective \u201ccool roof\u201d…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":579,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[21,25],"tags":[508,209,509,511,510],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nRooftop Alterations, Like Skylights and Roof Monitors, Can Drive Building Value and Performance - Roofing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Adding daylighting and ventilation through skylights and roof monitors is a strategy with growing popularity and potential.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/roofingmagazine.com\/rooftop-alterations-like-skylights-roof-monitors-can-drive-building-value-performance\/\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/roofingmagazine.com\/rooftop-alterations-like-skylights-roof-monitors-can-drive-building-value-performance\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rooftop Alterations, Like Skylights and Roof Monitors, Can Drive Building Value and Performance - 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